Nobel Prizes
The Payoff from Animal Research
From Foundation for
Biomedical Research
The
Nobel Prize
is the most prestigious scientific award in the world. Awarded annually since
1901, the Nobel Prize recognizes outstanding accomplishment in physics,
chemistry, and medicine, as well as in literature, economics, and the promotion
of peace.
Ample proof of the success of animal research can be found in the
vast body of Nobel Prize winning work in physiology and medicine. Although great
advances have been made in computer modelling and cell cultures, animal research
remains essential to medical progress: seven of the last ten Nobel Prizes in
medicine have relied at least in part on animal research.
The oldest groups opposing animal research were formed in the 1890's. Had
they succeeded in their mission to end all animal research, none of these
Nobel-prize-winning medical breakthroughs would have been made. What other
medical advances would we miss if animal research were banned today?
|
Year |
Scientist(s) |
Animal(s) |
Contributions
Made |
|
|
Axel, Buck |
Mouse |
Odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
|
|
Lauterbur, Mansfield |
Clam, rat |
Imaging of human internal organs with exact and non-invasive methods
(MRI) |
|
|
Brenner, Horvitz, Sulston |
Roundworm |
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
|
2000 |
Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel |
Mouse, Guinea pig, sea slug |
Signal transduction in the nervous system |
|
1999 |
Blobel |
Various animal cells |
Proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and
localization in the cell. |
|
1998 |
Furchgott, Ignarro, Murad |
Rabbit |
Nitric oxide as signaling molecule in cardiovascular system |
|
1997 |
Prusiner |
Hamster, mouse |
Discovery and characterization of prions |
|
1996 |
Doherty, Zinkernagel |
Mouse |
Immune-system detection of virus-infected cells |
|
1995 |
Lewis, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard |
Fruit fly |
Genetic control of early structural development |
|
1992 |
Fischer, Krebs |
Rabbit |
Regulatory mechanism in cells |
|
1991 |
Neher, Sakmann |
Frog |
Chemical communication between cells |
|
1990 |
Murray, Thomas |
Dog |
Organ transplantation techniques |
|
1989 |
Varmus, Bishop |
Chicken |
Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
|
1987 |
Tonegawa |
Mouse |
Basic principles of antibody synthesis |
|
1986 |
Levi-Montalcini, Cohen |
Mouse, chick, snake |
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor |
|
1984 |
Milstein, Kohler, Jerne |
Mouse |
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation |
|
1982 |
Bergstrom, Samuelsson, Vane |
Ram, rabbit, guinea pig |
Discovery of prostaglandins |
|
1981 |
Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel |
Cat, monkey |
Processing of visual information by the brain |
|
1980 |
Benacerraf, Dausset, Snell |
Mouse, guinea pig |
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of
action |
|
1979 |
Cormack, Hounsfield |
Pig |
Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan) |
|
1977 |
Guilemin, Schally, Yalow |
Sheep, swine |
Hypothalamic hormones |
|
1976 |
Blumberg, Gajdusek |
Chimpanzee |
Slow viruses, and new mechanisms for dissemination of diseases |
|
1975 |
Baltimore, Dulbecco, Temin |
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse |
Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material |
|
1974 |
de Duve, Palade, Claude |
Chicken, guinea pig, rat |
Structural and functional organization of cells |
|
1973 |
von Frisch, Lorenz, Tinbergen |
Bee, bird |
Organization of social and behavioral patterns in animals |
|
1972 |
Edelman, Porter |
Guinea pig, rabbit |
Chemical structure of antibodies |
|
1971 |
Sutherland |
Mammalian liver |
Mechanism of the actions of hormones |
|
1970 |
Katz, von Euler, Axelrod |
Cat, rat |
Mechanisms of storage and release of nerve transmitters |
|
1968 |
Holley, Khorana, Nirenberg |
Rat |
Interpretation of genetic code and its role in protein synthesis |
|
1967 |
Harttline, Granit, Wald |
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab |
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision |
|
1966 |
Rous, Huggins |
Rat, rabbit, hen |
Tumor-inducing viruses and hormonal treatment of cancer |
|
1964 |
Bloch, Lynen |
Rat |
Regulation of cholesterol and
fatty acid metabolism |
|
1963 |
Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley |
Cat, frog,
squid, crab |
Ionic involvement in excitation and inhibition in peripheral and
central portions of the nerve |
|
1961 |
von Bekesy |
Guinea pig |
Physical mechanism of simulation in the cochlea |
|
1960 |
Burnet, Medawar |
Rabbit |
Understanding of acquired immune tolerance |
|
1957 |
Bovet |
Dog, rabbit |
Production of synthetic curare and its action on vascular and smooth
muscle |
|
1955 |
Theorell |
Horse |
Nature and mode of action of oxidative enzymes |
|
1954 |
Enders, Weller, Robbins |
Monkey, mouse |
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine |
|
1953 |
Krebs, Lipmann |
Pigeon |
Characterization of the citric acid cycle |
|
1952 |
Waksman |
Guinea pig |
Discovery of streptomycin |
|
1951 |
Theiler |
Monkey, mouse |
Development of yellow fever vaccine |
|
1950 |
Kendall, Hench, Reichstein |
Cow |
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones |
|
1949 |
Hess, Moniz |
Cat |
Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal
organs |
|
1947 |
Carl Cori, Gerty Cori
Houssay |
Frog, toad, dog |
Catalytic conversion glycogen; role of pituitary in sugar metabolism |
|
1945 |
Fleming, Chain, Florey |
Mouse |
Curative effect of penicillin in bacterial infections |
|
1944 |
Erlanger, Gasser |
Cat |
Specific functions of nerve cells |
|
1943 |
Dam, Doisy |
Rat, dog,
chick, mouse |
Discovery of function of vitamin K |
|
1939 |
Domagk |
Mouse, rabbit |
Antibacterial effects of prontosil |
|
1938 |
Heymans |
Dog |
Role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respiration |
|
1936 |
Dale, Loewi |
Cat, frog
bird, reptile |
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
|
1935 |
Spemann |
Amphibian |
Organizer effect in embryonic development |
|
1934 |
Whipple, Murphy, Minot |
Dog |
Liver therapy for anemia |
|
1932 |
Sherrington, Adrian |
Dog, cat |
Functions of neurons |
|
1929 |
Eijkman, Hopkins |
Chicken |
Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins |
|
1928 |
Nicolle |
Monkey, pig,
rat, mouse |
Pathogenesis of typhus |
|
1924 |
Einthoven |
Dog |
Mechanism of the electrocardiograph |
|
1923 |
Banting, Macleod |
Dog, rabbit, fish |
Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes |
|
1922 |
Hill, Meyerhof |
Frog |
Consumption of oxygen and lactic acid metabolism in muscle |
|
1920 |
Krogh |
Frog |
Discovery of capillary motor regulating system |
|
1919 |
Bordet |
Guinea pig,
horse, rabbit |
Mechanisms of immunity |
|
1913 |
Richet |
Dog, rabbit |
Mechanisms of anaphylaxis |
|
1912 |
Carrel |
Dog |
Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels |
|
1910 |
Kossel |
Bird |
Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins including
nuclear substances |
|
1908 |
Metchnikov, Ehrlich |
Bird, fish,
guinea pig |
Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes |
|
1907 |
Laveran |
Bird |
Role of protozoa as cause of disease |
|
1906 |
Golgi, Cajal |
Dog, horse |
Characterization of the central nervous system |
|
1905 |
Koch |
Cow, sheep |
Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis |
|
1904 |
Pavlov |
Dog |
Animal responses to various stimuli |
|
1902 |
Ross |
Pigeon |
Understanding of malaria life cycle |
|
1901 |
von Behring |
Guinea pig |
Development of diphtheria antiserum |
|
